The system calculates the oil wear depending on the usage of the car. As the fault is now coming up& stored you have to replace the oil in the transfer box and then reset the oil interval with a capable diagnostic scanner. めっちゃ点いてますね (^^; F25で4x4ランプは初めて見たかも・・・. Got a whole bunch of errors soon as I started my car and placed into reverse. I clicked "OK" through them and the Oil Change routine completed with the adaptations reset to zero, as well. Jun 27, 2024 · If DSC Module does NOT appear in Control Unit/Module Tree/List, that suggests (a) lack of power to DSC, (b) Lack of PT-CAN bus communication with DSC, or (c) Internal Fault in DSC. Its connecting OK, can read out data OK, but when I try to recalibrate transfer case after fluid change, it crashes the VTG module, dash board lights up like a xmas tree with 4wd lights warning, handbrake dsc. See more for BMW X3 E83 X5 E53 Transfer Box Case Vtg Ac 4WD Transfer Box Actuator VTG Hi-Lo Motor For BMW X3 2004-2019 X5 2000-2013 X6. - Using transfer pump & fill tube, fill transfer case until oil just starts to drip out of the fill hole (approx 600-750ml depending on transfer case model) - Replace fill plug and tighten to 60nm. Nov 6, 2022 · How to code a used module, simple and fast ! Using an aftermarket Programmer is 10 times faster than an OEM one. T. >the transfer case module could still be OK . Seveda je pred popravilom potrebno opraviti “Diagnostiko vozila” oz pregled. i do my active test and it says failed have not tested off road. BMW 328xi wagon VTG Oil Change - Integrator Reset / Adaptation. Then you use ISTA to give commands to test it (don't remember exactly where to go)if it passes, it works. Parts Required: Transfer case fluid, transfer case fill and drain plugs. razdelilnika pogona. Hey everyone, recently having 4 wheel drive lights coming on and staying on. brand new one is very high price. Can I put the car on jack stands and simulate the slippery condition Nov 17, 2019 · Poškozený Xdrive BMW Jan 29, 2015 · GOT A BMW WITH CODES 1)5463 - Mechanism faulty. on my laptop along with the appropriate OBD to USB cable. Um euch die bestmögliche Q Originalni zupcanik za motor reduktora VTG za modele E87, E53, E70, E71, Discovery LR3 LR4 , RANGE ROVER SPORT. wer edge of the opening for the oil fille. Opravy xDrive VTG rozvodovek. 本日はBMW X3の警告灯修理の車両をご納車させて頂きました。. Dec 3, 2020 · Hi, I have dealt with this exact issue on my e70 4. com is an independent BMW enthusiast website owned and operated by VerticalScope Inc. Jan 13, 2020 · 07X3N52. Mar 21, 2022 · BMW Mechanic: Daniel. Trying to repair VTG mode but I ended up replacing it ! Dec 5, 2018 · I changed oil in transmission and had the entire transmission rebuilt. hi, To answer to your question, VTG unit is not plug and play, you will need to run ISTA-D to : -Transfer old data from clutch wear from old VTG unit to "new" one. com is not in any way affiliated with Bayerische Motoren Werke AG. The car drives flawlessly, however, when I floor it in the lower gears (1,2) the ABS, chassis stabilization and tpms light come on. bearing set. Kit réparation jeu de crémaillère Bmw . to the rear diff. Transfer case actuator gear 2. sealing set. Tab: Talent. Over the past 10 days, my 07 530xi has been giving off the 4x4 Warning, at first it was infrequent, but, now it comes on after only a couple of miles of driving. Top up transmission oil up to the. This service will make replacement Transfer Case Module fully programmed to the car. Used in models as below: BMW Fault: 5463 Mechanism faulty, 539E Transfer case malfunction, Repair - AdaptationFor those who can support financially:WebMoney :E285823852236 Z3512 Visit Our New BMW Dealership in Shelburne, VT Today. gl/maps/nB2FtVafgzppSPQ1600:00 Einleitung01:00 VTG anbohren und Öl abl Sep 20, 2017 · I have a 54C8 code , VTG transfer servo pump to high, its a BMW 328xi 2007 130 thousand miles, put new Servo actuator in it replace all CV JOINTS and new speed sencer clear all codes . Diagnosis by BMW Dealer\Service for $165: Axle Exciter rings have corroded and are contacting both front wheel speed sensors. U vozů BMW s označením xDrive je pohon na všechna kola řešen rozvodovkou VTG. コンピューター May 23, 2023 · BMW 3-Series (E90 E92) Forum > E90 / E92 / E93 3-series Technical Forums > BMW Coding > E90 VTG Coding Thread Tools: Search this Thread 05-23-2023, 05:45 PM Feb 4, 2020 · I have a 54C8 code , VTG transfer servo pump to high, its a BMW 328xi 2007 130 thousand miles, put new Servo actuator in it replace all CV JOINTS and new speed sencer clear all codes . Which model vehicle is this? The last 7 digits of the VIN would help. vtg fault 5208, 52D1 return immediately after starting engine Dec 3, 2018 · 750 li 2012. The all-wheel drive (AWD) system in BMW vehicles is a system that provides power to all four wheels of the vehicle. VGSG wheel Notlaufregelung activated. The actual transfer case I’m hoping it’s #1. This included the transfer box (VTG) as well. to do for the new actuator and change fluid in the transfer cast and reset that. Drives: G05 2019 X5. 3 posts · Joined 2014. Mar 14, 2019 · In my country no one knows how fix this problem. Obnovo pogona izvajamo z originalnimi ali originalu enakovrednimi rezervnimi deli ali preko priznanih partnerjev. iTrader: ( 0) Transfer case calibration procedure. Do you know how to re-programming and re-coding? Jul 26, 2020 · BMW X3 F25 VTGモーター交換. I think the fuse would have to be put back to test it. Transfer box. I got two of those "job not found" popups, myself. I Replaced the battery, DSC, VTG motor, VTG module and updated the software to the latest i-level and I was still getting the same faults for 55C3 VTG: AWD limp-home control activated. #1 · Nov 27, 2018. 2. If you have ISTA there is a service function ABL that will walk you through the process and do the necessary coding. Set includes: clutch with drum. -Calibration. Other Transmission & Drivetrain. I kept getting ECU errors I tried to read it first, reset it and then code it. Think of it as Variable Transfer Gear, probably a translation from German. However these have received new names as of CAS4 (with Boardnet 2020). Oct 7, 2022 · Likewise, it can also maintain high levels of power and torque at high engine speeds. Terminal New Name Description Terminal 0 Terminal 0 is a logical terminal and does not provide a power supply Nov 23, 2023 · The new code is 53FC VTG: 30G voltage, and its always associated with a DCS code 53FA for the xferbox. Agreed; in addition the transfer case adaptations will need to be reset. Jul 12, 2011 · A BMW tech would know. Mine is a 2013 xDrive35i with the 8HP tranny. In researching this I’ve come across these possible causes: 1. #6 · Jan 15, 2020 (Edited) That code is showing 55C5 - VTG: message (engine torque 3, AA) @ OBDCLOUD. chain. Feb 24, 2016 · Resetting transfer case and transmission adaptations. best wishes. One litre of the BMW fluid required is about $50. " Like airplane take off, not muffler explosion. This makes the VTG turbocharger ideal for use in BMW performance vehicles. Jun 27, 2021 · Wie funktioniert eine VTG Steuerung und wo ist der Unterschied zur Wastegate-Klappe? Wie schafft es die VTG, das Turboloch zu reduzieren? Und warum findet ma Mar 12, 2023 · Definition of 55C3 Fault Code, per BMW Fault Code Lookup: 55C3. There is no fixed oil change interval for the transfer box. Came out 0. Razdelilnik pogona oziroma VTG je komponenta, ki skrbi da se prenos moči ustrezno prilagaja na vsako kolo individualno in na ta način zagotovi, da kolo z večjo trakcijo prejme ustrezno povečano moč. Join Date: Nov 2011. needle bearing for shaft. For the transfer case oil wear. Jan 4, 2015 · Service functions provide directions on changing the transfer case oil and updating the VTG control module with the necessary reset and adaption procedure. vtg fc 5208 : supply servomotor, vtg 52D1: incremental transducer in servomotor supply, vtg 54C9, temp sensor. Buscar en este sitio VTG - Transfer Box Nov 27, 2018 · 79 posts · Joined 2012. 70 posts · Joined 2018. Try to get at least 500ml out. I had a code set: VTG Oil Wear (code: 54C6) which seems to be a regular occurrence on many 4 wheel drive 3 series with high mileage. I would expect there to be OTHER fault codes in DME, EGS Complete repair kit for transfer case VTG ATC400 BMW X3 E83. vtg fault 5208, 52D1 return immediately after starting engine 2023 BMW X5 xDrive40i [0. #2 · Dec 31, 2020. Tools: Fluid pump, 18mm wrench and socket, 14mm Allen bit. I can almost read them. The 2024 BMW i5 M60 Touring measures 5060 mm long, 1900 mm wide, and 1505 mm tall. 00] To test the VTG you remove it from the transfer case, but keep the plug on it attached. It was driving me crazy. 2021 Tesla Model 3 [0. 85l, put in 1l,just dripping from top. gmail. Dec 26, 2005 · Nothing. It has a 6-pin connector that connects it to the vehicle electrical system and provides power, ground, and CAN lines. I've been doing a lot of searching here and on other forums and am concerned about some symptoms that point to the transfer case going bad. Písmeno X značí pohon všech kol u automobilky BMW a můžete jej mít v každém modelu. "440102 Transfer Box (VTG): Oil Wear". several message faults stored in other control units. Vidange des 2 ponts avec huile castrol 75w90 . Additionally this can set the DSC and VTG warning light on the dashboard as the complete stability system stops functioning properly. I then brought it to my indie, and he said the same thing- VTG needs to be replaced. 4. -reset classification resistor. cleared faulty memory. 4 - Manual de Usuario. . As stated in the BMW service procedure: Oil Monitoring is performed by the VTG control module to determine when a service (change) is due. A shop called me out to program and code a replacement VTG module for the listed 2018 BMW 430i. car is F31 320i xdrive. Manual de usuario del BMW Scanner 1. #1 · Jun 11, 2015. the VTG 4X4 is back on is there a registration I have . Come join the discussion about Bimmerfest events, production numbers, programming, performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! Bringing the BMW community together. Here are ISTA ScreenPrints of VTG (Transfer Case Module) and DSC/DXC Module wiring. Jun 15, 2018 · ⬇️⬇️Original VCDS⬇️⬇️Wählt unter dem Link zwischen3 FIN, 10 FIN oder Unlimited: https://bit. 7 en español. The steering angle sensor is brand new. pl/#kontakt - Potrzebujesz diagnostyki, programowania, kodowania lub programów do diagnostyki BMW ? Skontaktuj się ze mnę: kontakt@b Feb 19, 2011 · Interrogated fault memory. With diagnostic OBD ant "launch" program I cant fix this. No DSC specified nominal torque. Location: Burnaby. He said it needs to be a new one, and that the problem is that this one has been programmed to a different car. Regarding luxury and performance vehicles, BMW has been a symbol of excellence for decades. Aug 6, 2022 · based on ISTA-D, all wheel drive must do TC calibration or function check when had work on TC actuator motor. Dec 20, 2016 · I bought a used (very low mileage) VTG unit from Ebay and tried replacing it, cleared codes with INPA, and got the exact same codes again. No DXC desired torque setting Code: 0055C3. At our BMW dealership, we take pride in offering a wide range of new BMW cars, used , and certified pre-owned BMW models to cater to the diverse tastes and preferences of our esteemed customers. comhttps://goo. It won't matter in that control unit and as for programming, it already has software in it since it's used. " Since my rig has 84K miles and no service lights glowing, I'm going to assume that transfer case oil degradation would only be indicated by codes BMW F12 VTG Calibration. you Jul 12, 2022 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Jul 20, 2015 · A forum community dedicated to BMW owners and enthusiasts. WF06083. Um euch die bestmögliche Q Recibe tu Regalo GRATUITO de Capacitación Automotriz aquí: https://automotrizenvideo. Do wymiany będzie pot Nov 16, 2021 · Vidange de la boîte de transfert avec huile BMW DTF1 . bimmerfest. It connects to my car and works a treat (as far as I May 10, 2021 · 2 - Transfer case repair - options: 1 - Old transfer box control unit is still installed. Complementary Modification: Change transmission fluid at same time. Content on bimmerfest. lien pour le garag Aug 10, 2023 · Yes you would need to use some sort of programming software to swap the VTG module. Using my scan tool to reset my transfer case /Also Known as VTG Part 1 BMW 3-Series (E90 E92) Forum > E90 / E92 / E93 3-series Technical Forums > All-Wheel-Drive (Xi / xDrive) Talk > Corroded voltage regulator in VTG module Google Search Search Forums Hier tauschen wir den Motor des VTG an einem X-Drive E61 Garage List. Close up of the new replacement transfer case actuator gear and the motor housing metal worm gear. anyway at first, I want to try to replace VTG module. Transmission & Drivetrain. #11 · Nov 29, 2017. VTG = Transfer Case Control Module. Feb 24, 2021 · BMW X3 E83 ⚠️le coupable n'est pas l'#actionneur de boîte de transfert ⚠️ #539E, 5463(2), 54C4 et #5F3ALogiquement on remplace l'actionneur lorsqu'on entend BMW 5-Series (F10/F11/F07/F18; 2011-2017) fuses and relays Ad vertisements In this article, we consider the sixth generation BMW 5-Series (F10/F11/F07/F18), produced from 2010 to 2016. 0. Mar 3, 2017 · 6289 posts · Joined 2013. it is demonstrated started at the 20:30 mark in this video. ly/2C1lOrA🦾 VCDS Profi-Set, kabellos: https://bit. 00] Quote: Originally Posted by alyqc. Wir sind eine freie Werkstatt, die sich auf die Marken BMW und Mercedes spezialisiert hat. This is extremely important for CBS . Jun 11, 2015 · 153 posts · Joined 2014. 55D0/not present Message (steering wheel angle, 0xC4) error, receiver VTG, transmitter DSC. It also has an 18-pin connector that connects it to the VTG actuator motor and contains wires for sensors and motor control. Dec 2, 2022 · www. - Replace drain plug on applicable models and tighten to 60nm. Extract the transmission oil from t. May 8, 2020 · Hey everyone I drive a 2017 BMW 440i xDrive, I recently hit a curb on the rear driver's side and had to replace the cv axle, spindle, wheel bearing, control and trail arms in that area. VerticalScope Inc. patreon. Transfer case actuator control unit (the one in the trunk) 4. I had my local indie check for codes and it indicates the transfer case does not have all wheels at the same velocity. I have and Enet cable and ISTA-D; ISTA-P, but I not find how clear this fault. ly Jan 20, 2022 · Use a transfer pump to assist. BMW Mechanic: Eric. D36B No message (VTG, 0x376), receiver DSC, transmitter VTG. This is an older thread, you may not receive a response, and could be reviving an old thread. 2012-2015 BMW 3-Series and 4-Series Forum. oil pump. The programming and coding procedure went fine (I used my Autel Ultra), and the vehicle ran without any popping any codes. It should show the numbers on the paper to read at that point. In this episode I diagnose a BMW e90 Xdrive that has the 4x4,DSC,ABS,EBV message on dashboard, I start with a diagnosis, after which I check the power supp Video describes the BMW VTG 54C4 5463 Transfer Case Issues, how it works and how to test, enjoy. Brought it to dealer and they said the VTG motor needs to be replaced, all spark plugs & cylinder coil??? All to the tune of around $2100!!! Mar 2, 2018 · Interrogated fault memory. Later the shop took it out for a test drive, and at the first hard turn it kicked out three intermittent codes: 480682 - VTG Jan 12, 2020 · VTG Transfer Case 55C3/not present VTG:AWD Limp-Mode control activated. 3)5462 - Servo motor coupling force too high. Sep 28, 2019 · So there are a few different power 'terminals' in BMW cars: Terminal 15, Terminal 30g and Terminal 30g_f. Another cause is that the connection to Jun 20, 2024 · Vehicle Parts & Accessories. It means that the value of resistance the actuator needs to fully engage the T-Case is different than what it actually took. Na vgrajene komponente nudimo garancijo. Quoted $3,800 to replace. Jul 1, 2021 · Currently experiencing AWD/4X4 errors at 152,000 miles. Don't mess around, buy the BMW fluid. The VTG calculates transfer case and clutch wear based on the amount. Car Parts & Accessories. Edit: I have seen references posted to code 54C6 VTG Oil Wear that means change the fluid. that should be it. check the transfer case threads above for DMF and KENZA experience and rotation test/ $995 rebuilt transfer case fix. The issue with the VTG can cause the mentioned codes you shared: D36A No message (VTG, 0xBC), receiver DSC, transmitter VTG. checked signals to vtg servomotor, signals ok. Dostaneme vás zpět na cestu. , 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada In this video we will show you the other variation of xdrive / transfer case actuator , that is used in E60 / E61 / E90 / E91 / E92 . Both front axles and both front wheel speed sensors must be replaced to correct the issue. dina31474 Discussion starter. vgsg90. Jul 12, 2019 · Willkommen bei der Firma Graf in Hamburg. 81. more. BMW Garage: BMW Meets: Register: Today's Posts: Search: He checked the VTG ratio and the rear diff and are both at 2. followed test plan. I recently changed the oil in my entire drive train of my 328xi wagon, from front-diff. I suspect that 54C8 refers to the transfer case clutch plate engagement being out of spec, and it normally has a baseline set by installing a specific classification resistor (which would explain the reference in your code). Dec 1, 2018 · 2008 BMW X3 M-Sport, N52, automatic ("#1") Modifications: The VTG Classification Resistor belongs to the transfer case and NOT to the actuator. wear oil Code: 0054C6. Often used to reference the electronic control module for the transfer case rather than the transfer case itself. Also, Over-voltage can scramble bus communications between Modules, such as Wipers "self-activating", Instrument Cluster Warning Lights, or other Cluster May 9, 2014 · The control unit is the VTG module. BMW transfer case actuator motor disassembled (brand new black replacement gear pictured). Please consider creating a new thread. Mar 10, 2021 · 5175 posts · Joined 2017. bmwdiagsoft. Describe better the "huge noise. I might put too much fluid in there. 0si N52B30 with 6HP21x / 6HP19z transmission. It has a substantial wheelbase of 2995 mm and can be equipped with 21-inch wheels, with Nov 6, 2023 · bimmerfest. #4 · Mar 10, 2021. This X5 E70 3. コレがお預かり時の状態です。. Cena od 25€ je za jedan crni zupcanik, set sa oba zupcanika je 35€. You can use NCSExpert to code it. After disconnecting battery for a while and reconnecting Used BMW Transfer Case Module (VTG) ATC700 Programming Service for the following years / models / series: 2007–2013 / X5, X6, X5M, X6M / E70 E71 E72. Hecho por un aficionado. The common reason is that the case has not been serviced and needs new fluid. iTrader: ( 0) VTG - Longitudinal Torque Motor failure. 00] 2014 BMW X3 xDrive35i [0. BMW Scanner 1. Sep 2, 2023 · Since the first writing of this article, replacement gears have actually gone from $100 down to $20 or less! Complete assembled motor. Hi all -. looks like 4193, but not quite sure on the 3. That gives the option to change the fluid and reset the case. Performance Gain: Extend lifetime of your transfer case. Lahko trdimo, da se je število vozil BMW, ki imajo vgrajen xDrive pogon v zadnjih letih povečalo in posledično tudi napake, ki se dogajajo . Za xDrive pogone nudimo popravilo tako servo-motorčka kot tudi ostalih komponent VTG-ja oz. 8i. 2 - Transfer box control unit has already been replaced and gearbox class was read out of old control unit. Like. Location: South Florida. That Fault Code suggests that the VTG/VGSG Transfer Case Module is NOT receiving an expected "torque" signal from the DSC Module. Nov 6, 2022 · https://www. With the new Module 7606629, the truck will work sometimes and other times get a 4x4 light at startup with the 53FC code and a random DCS code (which ISTA-D states is only there because there's an issue with the VTG and to ignore). All with ATC700 (Active Torque Control 700) transfer case (VTG). 54c8 - This code gets set commonly when the actuator clutch in the T-Case has a problem. com/ytSuscríbete para recibir Videos Nuevos cada Semana: https://www. ABS-DSC Dynamic Stability Control 5F2F/not present DSC: Transmission interface 5F45/not present DSC: Brake-fluid level too low 6F4E/not present Aug 7, 2019 · I changed the transfer case oil about 15k miles ago using the bmw oil. The pin assignments and functions are Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for BMW Vtg Transfer Case Control Unit Atc300 - 27607607980 at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! Te traemos una nuevo Procedimiento Avanzado, en esta ocasión, se trata del Procedimiento Calibración de Transfer VTG en BMW X3, ¡que lo disfrutes! Este video es un extracto de la Sesión Completa que nuestro amigo Hugo Segura compartió para la Comunidad de Técnicos Élite, puedes ser parte de esta comunidad y de la Exclusiva Oct 13, 2014 · D. Then I drove for week or two and then calibrated the VTG in ISTA. Transfer case actuator itself 3. You choose this and you can hear the case going through some movement presumably moving the clutches for resetting. Ok, take a piece of paper and place against the case and use a pencil to lightly rub over the paper. May 12, 2014 · Welcome. I noticed the value was 29 before and 0 after, so basically it was reset. deWhatsapp: 01707005520Mail: autoservicedenisdick. Oct 19, 2018 · Willkommen bei der Firma Graf in Hamburg. A BMW tech would know. INPA or Dec 31, 2020 · 1404 posts · Joined 2006. First up was drivers assistance reduced, then 4x4 malfunction, then restraint systems malfunction, then parking assistance function malfunction. VTG: AWD limp-home control activated. Dec 16, 2023 · BMW 325xi Sedan (2006) BMW 330xi Sedan (2006) Project Time: 3 hours. Jun 18, 2020 · This video is showing how to perform BMW F25 VTG encoding using Autoland I-Scan 3 / I-Scan 3eWhen does this function to be execute?:After the VTG (Transfer C Mar 19, 2023 · I have successfully got ista+ running, and connected to car , E70 2011 4d. for used one. They communicate via the PT-CAN BUS, as opposed to discreet wires between those two modules ONLY. 3 - Old transfer box control unit cannot be addressed. #1 · Oct 13, 2014. 00] 2017 BMW X3 xDrive28i [0. 4 - Initialization of transfer box control unit. for the transmission bearing (included in 27 00 270/770)Open the oil filler plug (1). Support my Channel if it helps you solve problems: https://www. AWD. e transfer case (VTG) using special tool 0 493 337 (00 2 080) and special tool 2 457 963. It is about to hit 88K miles and is due. I also show the ISTA Definitions of D36a & D36b as found in ISTA for your VIN (March 2007 build E90 328xi). Most of the videos show 050 Replacing the cross membe. Immediately after that the car started shifting badly. Don't worry about the vin being burned into it. The symptoms are slight jerking under hard acceleration, particularly in higher gears. com is generated by its users. >DMF link. Sort by Oldest first. Ask Your Own BMW Question. At some point in the next couple of weeks I'm going to be changing both the transfer case and automatic transmission fluids in my '08 x3. After I I changed the bearings and oil in my TVG, have this fault. 2)5F3A - transfer case malfunction. com/user?u=67707741 Jul 8, 2013 · You do the quick test which gives the X by transfer case, highlight the transfer case, continue and run the system test. Siemanko !!!Dzisiaj pokażę wam jak wymienić olej w skrzynce VTG czyli tak zwanym reduktorze lub skrzynce rozdzielczej w BMW seri 7 F02. It hasn't gotten any worse over the past year or so, but The VTG control unit is located below the rear luggage area in the E83 and below the rear bench seat in the E53. Porucha xDrive VTG se projevuje při prudké akceleraci škubáním, popřípadě při jízdě v zatáčce. dd-getriebe. look at DMF415 post for his experience. Feb 1, 2023 · I don't think "service life reached", because this car is 42000km. Hi fellows, More than one month ago I drained the fluid and filled fresh BMW fluid. Apr 15, 2022 · I changed the VTG oil once before at 85,000 I can clear codes but the fault comes back right away i recalibrate and it says it took the recalibration and recalibration angle was adjusted from the previous angle. This video is for educational and informa May 24, 2024 · Big and Powerful. 皆さまこんにちは、アローズの矢田で御座います。. the VTG 4X4 is … read more Here we have two separate issues. Changing the transfer case fluid on a routine basis is sound advice. vm ax vc mr pg df kt sb nw by